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This has led to emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. Multidrug resistance of the pathogenic microorganisms to the antimicrobial drugs has become a prime concern toward successful diagnosis and treatment of pathogenic diseases of bacterial and fungal origin ( Desselberger, 2000). Unresponsiveness of microbes to lethal doses of structurally diverse classes of drugs with different mechanisms of cytotoxic action is generally referred to as multidrug resistance (MDR). In this regard, three perspectives research directions have been suggested that include (1) synthesizing AgNPs with controlled physico-chemical properties, (2) examining microbial development of resistance toward AgNPs, and (3) ascertaining the susceptibility of cytoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory response to human cells upon AgNPs exposure. Based on research done so far, we believe that AgNPs can be engineered so as to increase their efficacy, stability, specificity, biosafety and biocompatibility. We have summarized the emerging endeavors that address current challenges in relation to safe use of AgNPs in therapeutics and drug delivery platforms. This has raised concerns regarding use of AgNPs in therapeutics and drug delivery. On the other side, AgNPs exposure to human cells induces cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory response in human cells in a cell-type dependent manner.

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AgNPs adhesion to microbial cells, penetration inside the cells, ROS and free radical generation, and modulation of microbial signal transduction pathways have been recognized as the most prominent modes of antimicrobial action. AgNPs exhibits their antimicrobial potential through multifaceted mechanisms. The most critical physico-chemical parameters that affect the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs include size, shape, surface charge, concentration and colloidal state. In particular, the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a potent antibacterial agent has received much attention. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based medicines have opened new horizons for combating multidrug resistance in microorganisms. Multidrug resistance of the pathogenic microorganisms to the antimicrobial drugs has become a major impediment toward successful diagnosis and management of infectious diseases. 3Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, India.2Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India.1Department of Bio Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India.Tikam Chand Dakal 1 *, Anu Kumar 2, Rita S.

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